A groundbreaking genetic study has uncovered DNA from an which settled in Europe more than 45,000 years ago before mysteriously vanishing, leaving no living descendants.
This DNA, the oldest ever retrieved from modern humans, offers a remarkable glimpse into the lives of these pioneers who ventured into a harsh and volatile environment.
The research reveals that these early humans were small in number, with an estimated population of just 200 individuals. They had dark skin, dark hair, and brown eyes, reflecting their recent migration from Africa.
Analysis of remains from ’s Ranis area showed close family ties, including a mother and daughter – a first for DNA studies.
Intriguingly, a woman discovered in the Koneprusy Caves in the Czech Republic, 150 miles away, was likely a distant relative of this group.
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A GCI reconstruction of the woman whose remains were found in Czechia (Image: Tom Bjorklund for Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology)
Despite their resilience, these pioneers disappeared around 40,000 years ago, coinciding with the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption, a massive volcanic event that took place in what is present day Italy.
The disaster is likely to have blanketed Europe in ash which likely led to widespread extinctions of humans and animals alike.
Johannes Krause, senior author of the study, said “This is the oldest genome of modern humans, and it represents a lineage that no longer exists.
“We believe all human groups in Europe at the time – including Neanderthals – went extinct, and none contributed to the genetic makeup of people alive today.
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A reconstruction of a Neanderthal man at London’s Natural History Museum (Image: Getty)
“This genetic ‘package’ possibly explains why our species became so successful, ultimately growing to a global population of eight billion.”
Tese early humans also interbred with Neanderthals 45,000-49,000 years ago – but once they reached Europe, there was no further genetic mixing.
Such insights highlight offer clues about variations in interactions between human species over time.
Experts are intrigued by how these humans adapted to extreme conditions but ultimately failed to survive.
Koneprusy Caves in the Czech Republic (Image: Getty)
Dr Geoff Smith from the University of Reading said: “Their DNA tells an exciting story of adaptation and interaction with Neanderthals but also raises questions about why they died out.”
The study also speculates that later waves of modern humans carried genetic adaptations that may have conferred greater resilience.
These traits might have enabled them to thrive in challenging new environments and even undertake feats like crossing open oceans to reach Oceania.
The research was published in , shedding light on a critical chapter of human evolution.